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+# How to Write Custom Syntax
+
+PostCSS can transform styles in any syntax, and is not limited to just CSS.
+By writing a custom syntax, you can transform styles in any desired format.
+
+Writing a custom syntax is much harder than writing a PostCSS plugin, but
+it is an awesome adventure.
+
+There are 3 types of PostCSS syntax packages:
+
+* **Parser** to parse input string to node’s tree.
+* **Stringifier** to generate output string by node’s tree.
+* **Syntax** contains both parser and stringifier.
+
+## Syntax
+
+A good example of a custom syntax is [SCSS]. Some users may want to transform
+SCSS sources with PostCSS plugins, for example if they need to add vendor
+prefixes or change the property order. So this syntax should output SCSS from
+an SCSS input.
+
+The syntax API is a very simple plain object, with `parse` & `stringify`
+functions:
+
+```js
+module.exports = {
+    parse:     require('./parse'),
+    stringify: require('./stringify')
+};
+```
+
+[SCSS]: https://github.com/postcss/postcss-scss
+
+## Parser
+
+A good example of a parser is [Safe Parser], which parses malformed/broken CSS.
+Because there is no point to generate broken output, this package only provides
+a parser.
+
+The parser API is a function which receives a string & returns a [`Root`] node.
+The second argument is a function which receives an object with PostCSS options.
+
+```js
+var postcss = require('postcss');
+
+module.exports = function (css, opts) {
+    var root = postcss.root();
+    // Add other nodes to root
+    return root;
+};
+```
+
+[Safe Parser]: https://github.com/postcss/postcss-safe-parser
+[`Root`]:      https://github.com/postcss/postcss/blob/master/docs/api.md#root-node
+
+### Main Theory
+
+There are many books about parsers; but do not worry because CSS syntax is
+very easy, and so the parser will be much simpler than a programming language
+parser.
+
+The default PostCSS parser contains two steps:
+
+1. [Tokenizer] which reads input string character by character and builds a
+  tokens array. For example, it joins space symbols to a `['space', '\n  ']`
+  token, and detects strings to a `['string', '"\"{"']` token.
+2. [Parser] which reads the tokens array, creates node instances and
+  builds a tree.
+
+[Tokenizer]: https://github.com/postcss/postcss/blob/master/lib/tokenize.es6
+[Parser]:    https://github.com/postcss/postcss/blob/master/lib/parser.es6
+
+### Performance
+
+Parsing input is often the most time consuming task in CSS processors. So it
+is very important to have a fast parser.
+
+The main rule of optimization is that there is no performance without a
+benchmark. You can look at [PostCSS benchmarks] to build your own.
+
+Of parsing tasks, the tokenize step will often take the most time, so its
+performance should be prioritized. Unfortunately, classes, functions and
+high level structures can slow down your tokenizer. Be ready to write dirty
+code with repeated statements. This is why it is difficult to extend the
+default [PostCSS tokenizer]; copy & paste will be a necessary evil.
+
+Second optimization is using character codes instead of strings.
+
+```js
+// Slow
+string[i] === '{';
+
+// Fast
+const OPEN_CURLY = 123; // `{'
+string.charCodeAt(i) === OPEN_CURLY;
+```
+
+Third optimization is “fast jumps”. If you find open quotes, you can find
+next closing quote much faster by `indexOf`:
+
+```js
+// Simple jump
+next = string.indexOf('"', currentPosition + 1);
+
+// Jump by RegExp
+regexp.lastIndex = currentPosion + 1;
+regexp.text(string);
+next = regexp.lastIndex;
+```
+
+The parser can be a well written class. There is no need in copy-paste and
+hardcore optimization there. You can extend the default [PostCSS parser].
+
+[PostCSS benchmarks]: https://github.com/postcss/benchmark
+[PostCSS tokenizer]:  https://github.com/postcss/postcss/blob/master/lib/tokenize.es6
+[PostCSS parser]:     https://github.com/postcss/postcss/blob/master/lib/parser.es6
+
+### Node Source
+
+Every node should have `source` property to generate correct source map.
+This property contains `start` and `end` properties with `{ line, column }`,
+and `input` property with an [`Input`] instance.
+
+Your tokenizer should save the original position so that you can propagate
+the values to the parser, to ensure that the source map is correctly updated.
+
+[`Input`]: https://github.com/postcss/postcss/blob/master/lib/input.es6
+
+### Raw Values
+
+A good PostCSS parser should provide all information (including spaces symbols)
+to generate byte-to-byte equal output. It is not so difficult, but respectful
+for user input and allow integration smoke tests.
+
+A parser should save all additional symbols to [`node.raws`] object.
+It is an open structure for you, you can add additional keys.
+For example, [SCSS parser] saves comment types (`/* */` or `//`)
+in `node.raws.inline`.
+
+The default parser cleans CSS values from comments and spaces.
+It saves the original value with comments to `node.raws.value.raw` and uses it,
+if the node value was not changed.
+
+[SCSS parser]: https://github.com/postcss/postcss-scss
+[`node.raws`]: https://github.com/postcss/postcss/blob/master/docs/api.md#node-raws
+
+### Tests
+
+Of course, all parsers in the PostCSS ecosystem must have tests.
+
+If your parser just extends CSS syntax (like [SCSS] or [Safe Parser]),
+you can use the [PostCSS Parser Tests]. It contains unit & integration tests.
+
+[PostCSS Parser Tests]: https://github.com/postcss/postcss-parser-tests
+
+## Stringifier
+
+A style guide generator is a good example of a stringifier. It generates output
+HTML which contains CSS components. For this use case, a parser isn't necessary,
+so the package should just contain a stringifier.
+
+The Stringifier API is little bit more complicated, than the parser API.
+PostCSS generates a source map, so a stringifier can’t just return a string.
+It must link every substring with its source node.
+
+A Stringifier is a function which receives [`Root`] node and builder callback.
+Then it calls builder with every node’s string and node instance.
+
+```js
+module.exports = function (root, builder) {
+    // Some magic
+    var string = decl.prop + ':' + decl.value + ';';
+    builder(string, decl);
+    // Some science
+};
+```
+
+### Main Theory
+
+PostCSS [default stringifier] is just a class with a method for each node type
+and many methods to detect raw properties.
+
+In most cases it will be enough just to extend this class,
+like in [SCSS stringifier].
+
+[default stringifier]: https://github.com/postcss/postcss/blob/master/lib/stringifier.es6
+[SCSS stringifier]:    https://github.com/postcss/postcss-scss/blob/master/lib/scss-stringifier.es6
+
+### Builder Function
+
+A builder function will be passed to `stringify` function as second argument.
+For example, the default PostCSS stringifier class saves it
+to `this.builder` property.
+
+Builder receives output substring and source node to append this substring
+to the final output.
+
+Some nodes contain other nodes in the middle. For example, a rule has a `{`
+at the beginning, many declarations inside and a closing `}`.
+
+For these cases, you should pass a third argument to builder function:
+`'start'` or `'end'` string:
+
+```js
+this.builder(rule.selector + '{', rule, 'start');
+// Stringify declarations inside
+this.builder('}', rule, 'end');
+```
+
+### Raw Values
+
+A good PostCSS custom syntax saves all symbols and provide byte-to-byte equal
+output if there were no changes.
+
+This is why every node has [`node.raws`] object to store space symbol, etc.
+
+Be careful, because sometimes these raw properties will not be present; some
+nodes may be built manually, or may lose their indentation when they are moved
+to another parent node.
+
+This is why the default stringifier has a `raw()` method to autodetect raw
+properties by other nodes. For example, it will look at other nodes to detect
+indent size and them multiply it with the current node depth.
+
+[`node.raws`]: https://github.com/postcss/postcss/blob/master/docs/api.md#node-raws
+
+### Tests
+
+A stringifier must have tests too.
+
+You can use unit and integration test cases from [PostCSS Parser Tests].
+Just compare input CSS with CSS after your parser and stringifier.
+
+[PostCSS Parser Tests]: https://github.com/postcss/postcss-parser-tests